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--- start [11/05/2023 09:57] – [APPLIED BIOSTRATIGRAPHY] mike_gss
+++ start [16/09/2023 09:08] (current) – [Biostratigraphy and the Energy Transition] mike_gss
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 Coe, A.L. (ed.), 2022. [[https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/GIP001 | Deciphering Earth's History: the Practice of Stratigraphy]]. The Geological Society of London, 349pp.
-Content of these notes are provided by **Mike Bidgood** (GSS Geoscience Ltd.), **Dave Jutson** (Independent Consultant), **Mike Simmons** (Halliburton) and **Matt Wakefield** (Lealt Stratigraphic Consultants Ltd.)
+Content of these notes are provided by **Mike Bidgood** (GSS Geoscience Ltd.), **Dave Jutson** (Independent Consultant), **Emma Sheldon** (GEUS), **Mike Simmons** (Halliburton) and **Matt Wakefield** (Lealt Stratigraphic Consultants Ltd.)
 ===== Introduction =====
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 [[production |Production]]
+----
+===== Biostratigraphy; the Energy Transition and Other Applications =====
+The use of biostratigraphy in situations connected with the Energy Transition (or for other non-hydrocarbon applications) are, unsurprisingly, still in the early days and published examples are rare. However, it is important to realise one fundamental point…
+//**The principles of correlation, environmental determination and sequence prediction enabled by biostratigraphy and learned over a century of work in the hydrocarbon industry are equally and necessarily applicable in the Energy Transition.**//
+  * This means that screening basins for aquifers for CCUS (Carbon Capture, Utilisation & Storage) purposes relies as much on biostratigraphy for correlation, paleoenvironmental determination and sequence prediction as it did when screening for source, reservoir and seal rocks.
+  * This means drilling a borehole for CCUS, or perhaps even geothermal purposes, requires the same wellsite engineering/safety/geological control/biosteering functions as drilling a wildcat or general hydrocarbon production well.
+  * This means siting an offshore multi- wind turbine farm requires the mapping of recent and ancient environmental units to avoid unsuitable foundation strata in the same way that GDE maps help to establish play-fairways.
+[[et_examples | Some Examples]]
+[[et_stenille | CCUS in Denmark: The Stenlille Structure, a model for future CO2 Storage]]
+[[et_geothermal | Geothermal Energy and Biostratigraphy - examples from Denmark]]
+[[et_aquifers | Drinking Water and Biostratigraphy (Aquifers) - an example from Denmark]]
+[[et_engineering | Civil Engineering Projects - tunnels etc.]]
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-===== Stratigraphy =====
+===== Stratigraphy and Correlation =====
 The study of how rocks are categorised, subdivided and correlated. There are numerous ways to do this, the most common and familiar being categorised by (i) rock type = lithostratigraphy (ii) time interval = chronostratigraphy and (iii) fossil content = biostratigraphy. However there are a large number of other tools for correlation including isotopes (= isotopic stratigraphy sometimes also known as chemostratigraphy), magnetic susceptibility (= magnetostratigraphy), geophysical logs (= log stratigraphy), seismic characteristics (= seismic stratigraphy) and many others.
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 ===== Sequence Biostratigraphy =====
-The use of biostratigraphy in the specific identification of sequence surfaces and components is relatively new, although biostratigraphers have been identifying such features in their data for a long time but not necessarily appreciating their sequence applications. Like many of the concepts for sequence stratigraphy itself, sequence biostratigraphy first became prominent in the Gulf of Mexico (Armentrout, 1993, 1996) but has since expanded into other areas such as the North Sea (Partington et al., 1993; Neal et al., 1994) and the Arabian Platform (Simmons et al., 2007) and others.
+Sequence Biostratigraphy - or the role played by "classical" biostratigraphic techniques in sequence analysis - is one of the most exciting developments in the science in recent decades. Biostratigraphy provides two critical inputs into sequence analysis. It can...
+  * be used to correlate sequence surfaces (sequence boundaries, flooding surfaces etc.) thus proving their synchronicity
+  * be used to "fingerprint" and therefore identify the nature of the sediments between the various surfaces
+The use of biostratigraphy in the specific identification of sequence surfaces and components is relatively new although, in fact, biostratigraphers have been identifying such features in their data for a long time but not necessarily appreciating their sequence applications. Like many of the concepts for sequence stratigraphy itself, sequence biostratigraphy first became prominent in the Gulf of Mexico (Armentrout, 1993, 1996) but has since expanded into other areas such as the North Sea (Partington et al., 1993; Neal et al., 1994) and the Arabian Platform (Sharland et al., 2001; Simmons et al., 2007) and others.
+Sequence Biostratigraphy brings together more or less all the individual analytical and interpretive techniques covered in the course and builds it into a coherent, fully integrated synthesis of the depositional history of a basin.
 {{:paleoenv09.jpg?nolink|}}
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 //Analysing patterns in biostratigraphic data can help identify sequence components like sequence boundaries, maximum flooding surfaces and different depositional systems tracts. Moreover, biostratigraphy can help confirm the synchronicity of events observed in different locations.//
-A discussion of all the concepts for sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy is beyond the scope of this manual, but the essence of the subject is that by using a variety of data manipulation techniques and pattern recognition, it is possible to link characteristic biostratigraphic features and trends with particular sequence surfaces and components (systems tracts).
+It is within the scope of Sequence Stratigraphy that the full range of biostratigraphic principles and techniques are integrated and realised. Without the correlative power of biostratigraphy, events related to different phases within sea-level cycles cannot be deemed synchronous, and without insights into paleoenvironments determined by fossils it would be very difficult to interpret the nature of the systems tracts that are the building blocks of sequences.
+A discussion of all the concepts for sequence stratigraphy and biostratigraphy is beyond the scope of this manual, but the essence of the subject is that by using a variety of data manipulation techniques and pattern recognition, together with basic stratigraphic principles, it is possible to link characteristic biostratigraphic features and trends with particular sequence surfaces and components (systems tracts).
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-===== Biostratigraphy and the Energy Transition =====
-The use of biostratigraphy in situations connected with the Energy Transition are, unsurprisingly, still in the early days and published examples are rare. However, it is important to realise one fundamental point…
-//**The principles of correlation, environmental determination and sequence prediction enabled by biostratigraphy and learned over a century of work in the hydrocarbon industry are equally and necessarily applicable in the Energy Transition.**//
-  * This means that screening basins for aquifers for CCS purposes relies as much on biostratigraphy for correlation, paleoenvironmental determination and sequence prediction as it did when screening for source, reservoir and seal rocks.
-  * This means drilling a borehole for CCS, or perhaps even geothermal purposes, requires the same wellsite engineering/safety/geological control/biosteering functions as drilling a wildcat or general hydrocarbon production well.
-  * This means siting an offshore multi- wind turbine farm requires the mapping of recent and ancient environmental units to avoid unsuitable foundation strata in the same way that GDE maps help to establish play-fairways.
-[[et_examples | Some Examples]]
-----
 ===== Sources =====
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 ===== Copyright and Permissions =====
-This Wiki site and the accompanying teaching materials are the property of the authors and may not be sold, copied, modified or distributed without permission of the authors. No material (included but not limited to: text, figures, tables, charts etc.) may be used in derived matter (publications, presentations, submissions etc.) without the permission of the authors. Notwithstanding the above, the authors are very keen to introduce, promote and expand the awareness and use of biostratigraphy in applied settings and are likely to look very favourably upon such requests. Please contact Mike Bidgood in the first instance (mike(at)gssgeoscience.co.uk).
+This Wiki site and the accompanying teaching materials are the property of the authors and may not be sold, copied, modified or distributed without permission of the authors. No material (included but not limited to: text, figures, tables, charts etc.) may be used in derived matter (publications, presentations, submissions etc.) without the permission of the authors. Notwithstanding the above, the authors are very keen to introduce, promote and expand the awareness and use of biostratigraphy in applied settings and are likely to look very favourably upon such requests. Please contact Mike Bidgood in the first instance (mike(at)gssgeoscience[dot]co[dot]uk).