Applied Biostratigraphy

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**References**

In an effort not to overwhelm the course notes with detailed citations and references, those **references in bold** are considered most suitable for general, non-specialised geoscientific readership. Other references are shown for those wishing to investigate further. DOI links are provided for some references. These were correct at the time of writing but no guarantees can be given as to their current validity.

Abbink, O.A. 1998. Palynological investigations in the Jurassic of the North Sea region. PhD Thesis, University of Utrecht, LPP Contributions Series No. 8.

Ainsworth, N.R., Burnett, R.D., Kontrovitz, M., 1990. Ostracod colour change by thermal alteration, offshore Ireland and Western UK. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 7, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(90)90006-3

Anderson, S.A., Conlin, J.M., Fjeldgaard, K. & Hansen, S.A. 1990. Exploiting reservoirs and horizontal wells: the Maersk experience. Schlumberger Oilfield Review, 2(3), 11-21.

Armentrout, J.M. & Clement, J.F. 1990. Biostratigraphic Calibration of Depositional Cycles: A Case Study in High Island-Galveston-East Banks areas, offshore Texas. 21-51. in Armentrout, J.M. & Perkins, B.F. eds. Sequence Stratigraphy as an Exploration Tool: Concepts and Practices in the Gulf Coast. Gulf Coast Section SEPM Eleventh Annual Research Conference. https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.90.11.0021

Armentrout, J.M. 1987. Integration of Biostratigraphy and Seismic Stratigraphy: Pliocene-Pleistocene, Gulf of Mexico. 6-14. Innovative Biostratigraphic Approaches to Sequence Analysis: New Exploration Opportunities. Gulf Coast Section SEPM, Eighth Annual Research Conference. 159pp. https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.87.08.0006

Armentrout, J.M. 1991. Paleontologic Constraints on Depositional Modeling: Examples of Integration of Biostratigraphy and Seismic Stratigraphy, Pliocene-Pleistocene, Gulf of Mexico. In Weimer, P. & Link, M.H. (eds) Seismic Facies and Sedimentary Processes of Submarine Fans and Turbidite Systems. Spinger-Verlag, New York. 137-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8276-8_7

Armentrout, J. M. 1993. Graphical display of the biostratigraphic signature in sequence; with examples from the Gulf of Mexico Plio-Pleistocene. Annual Meeting Abstracts - American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. Abstract no. 1993, p. 68-68.

**Armentrout, J.M. 1996. High Resolution Sequence Biostratigraphy: Examples from the Gulf of Mexico Plio-Pleistocene. p. 65-86. in Howell, J.A., & Aitken, J.F. eds. High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy: Innovations and Applications. Geol. Soc. Lon., Special Publication No. 104. 384p. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.104.01.06**

Armentrout, J.M., Echols, R.C., & Lee, T.D. 1990. Patterns of Foraminiferal Abundance and Diversity: Implications for Sequence Stratigraphic Analysis. p. 53-59. in Armentrout, J.M. & Perkins, B.F. eds. Sequence Stratigraphy as an Exploration Tool: Concepts and Practices in the Gulf Coast. Gulf Coast Section SEPM Eleventh Annual Research Conference.

**Armstrong, H.A. & Brasier, M.D. 2005.Microfossils. Blackwell Publishing, 296 p. [A useful first reference on the description and application the main microfossil groups]**

Bailey, H.W. 2000. The role of biostratigraphy in biosteering horizontal wells, with an emphasis on Mesozoic assemblages. Abstract. p.5. In Thusu, B., Kaminski, M.A., Muftah, A. & El-Zaroig, R. (eds.) First International Workshop on North African Micropalaeontology for Petroleum Exploration. University College London. https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.90.11.0053

Banner, F.T. & Simmons, M.D. 1994. Calcareous algae and foraminifera as water-depth indicators: an example from the Early Cretaceous carbonates of northeast Arabia. 243-252. In: Simmons, M.D. (Ed) Micropalaeontology and Hydrocarbon Exploration in the Middle East. Chapman & Hall, London.

Be, A.W.E. 1977. An Ecological, Zoogeographic and Taxonomic review of Recent Planktonic Foraminifera. 1-100. In Ramsey, A.T.S. (ed.) Oceanic Micropaleontology , 1. Academic Press. 808 pp.

Berggren, W.A. & Edwards, A.S. 1986. Cenozoic Cosmopolitan Deep-water Benthic Foraminifera. Bulletin des centres de recherches exploration-production Elf-Aquitaine. [A useful atlas for worldwide Tertiary deep-water benthonic foraminifera with much biostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental information.]

Bolli, H.M., Beckmann, J.P. & Saunders, J.B. 2008. Benthic Foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of the South Caribbean Region. Cambridge University Press.[The best compendium of foraminiferal biostratigraphic data from this region with application throughout most of the Atlantic region from Gulf Coast to the basins of Brazil.]

**Bolli, H.M., Saunders, J.B. & Perch-Nielsen, K., 1985, Plankton Stratigraphy, Cambridge Earth Science Series, Cambridge University Press. 1032 p. [Although somewhat dated now, ”the big yellow book” is still probably first port-of-call to finding out the stratigraphic ranges of the majority of index taxa for all the major planktonic microfossil groups.]**

Boulter, M.C., & Riddick, A. 1986. Classification and analysis of palynodebris from the Palaeocene sediments of the Forties Field. Sedimentology 33: 871 – 886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1986.tb00988.x

**Bown, P.R., 1998. Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 314 p. [A very useful single reference for all information – particularly biostratigraphy – of the calcareous nannofossils.]**

Bown, P.R., Cope, C.W., Edgar, K.M., Harper, D.A.T., Marshall, J.E.A., Wakefield, M.I., Pearson, P. and Zalasiewicz, J. 2022. Biostratigraphy – using fossils to date and correlate rocks. In: Coe, A.L. (Ed) Deciphering Earth History, the practice of stratigraphy. Geological Society London.

Brinkuis, H. 1994. Late Eocene to Early Oligocene dinoflagellate cysts from the Priabonian type-area (Northeast Italy); biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental interpretation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeocology, 107, 121-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90168-6

Butler, N., Charnock, M.A., Hager, K.O. & Watkins, C.A. 2005. The Ravenscar Group: a coeval analogue for the Middle Jurassic reservoirs of the North Sea and offshore Mid-Norway. 43-53. In Powell, A.J. & Riding, J.B. (Eds) 2005. Recent Developments in Applied Biostratigraphy. The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications. https://doi.org/10.1144/TMS001.4

**Catuneanu, O., 2006. Principles of Sequence Stratigraphy. Elsevier, 375 p.**

Chaloner, W.G. & Muir, M. 1968. Spores and floras. In: Murchison, D. & Westall, T.S. (eds) Coal and Coal Bearing Strata. Elsevier, New York, 127–146.

Charnock, M.A., Kristiansen, I.L., Ryseth, A. & Fenton, J.P.G. 2001. Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic Dunlin Group, northern North Sea. 145-174. In Martinsen, O.J. & Dreyer, T. (Eds) Sedimentary Environments Offshore Norway – Palaeozoic to Recent. Norwegian Petroleum Society, Special Publications, 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-8937(01)80012-6

Churchill, J.M., Poole, M.T., Skarpeid, S.S. & Wakefield, M.I. 2016. Stratigraphic architecture of the Knarr Field, Norwegian North Sea: sedimentology and biostratigraphy of an evolving tide- to wave-dominated shoreline system. In. Hampson, G. J., Reynolds, A. D., Kostic, B. & Wells, M. R. (Eds) Sedimentology of Paralic Reservoirs: Recent Advances. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 444. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP444.4

**Coe, A.L. (ed.), 2022. Deciphering Earth's History: the Practice of Stratigraphy. The Geological Society of London, 349 p.**

Cole, D.C. & Harding, I.C. 1998. Use of palynofacies analysis to define Lower Jurassic (Sinemurian to Pliensbachian) genetic stratigraphic sequences in the Wessex Basin, England. 165-185. In Underhill, J.R. (ed) Development, Evolution and Petroleum Geology of the Wessex Basin. Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 133. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1998.133.01.07

Collins, A., 1990. The 1–10 Spore Colour Index (SCI) scale: a universally applicable colour maturation scale, based on graded, picked palynomorphs. Meded. Rijks Geol. Dienst, 45, 39–47.

Crook, L., 1976, Oil Terms, Wilton House Press, 160 p.

Crux, J.A., Gary, A.C., Gard, G. & Ellington, W.E. 2010. Recent Advances in the Application of Biostratigraphy to Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production. 57-80 In Ratcliffe, K.T. & Zaitlin, B.A. (eds.) Application of Modern Stratigraphic Techniques: Theory and Case Histories. SEPM Special Publication 94, 241pp. https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.094.057

Davies, E.H. and Bujak, J.P. 1987. Petroleum exploration application of palaynological assembalges successions in the Plexure trend, Gulf of Mexico. In: Hotal, A.M. (ed) Innovative Biostratigraphic Approaches to Sequence Analysis-New Exploration Opportunities. SEPM Special Publication, 8. https://doi.org/10.5724/gcs.87.08.0047

Davies, S.J. & McLean, D. 1996. Spectral gamma-ray and palynological characterisation of Kinderscoutian marine bands in the Namurian of the Pennine Basin. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Soc., 51(2), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.51.2.103

**Demchuk, T.D. & Gary, A.C. 2009. Geologic Problem Solving with Microfossils. SEPM Special Publication 93, 347pp. https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.093**

Duxbury S., Kadolsky, D. & Johansen, S.J. 1999. Sequence stratigraphic subdivision of the Humber Group in the Outer Moray Firth area (UKCS, North Sea). In: Jones, R.W. & Simmons, M.D. (eds): Biostratigraphy in production and development geology. Geological Society, London, Special publication 152, 23-54. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.152.01.03

Duxbury, S. 2001. A palynological zonation scheme for the Lower Cretaceous United Kingdom Sector, Central North Sea. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlingen, 219(1/2), 95-137. https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/219/2001/95

Dybkjær, K. & Piasecki, S. 2010. Neogene dinocyst zonation for the eastern North Sea Basin, Denmark. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 161, 1-2, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2010.02.005

Edwards, L.E. 1995. Graphic Correlation: some guidelines on theory and practice and how they relate to reality. 45-50. In: Mann, K.O. and Lane, H.R. (eds) Graphic Correlation. SEPM Special Publication 53. Tuls, Oklahoma. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.95.53.0045

**Emery, D. and Myers, K.J., 1996. Sequence Stratigraphy. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, p.297. https://doi.org/10.1002/978144431371**0

Energistyrelsene, 2001, Oil and Gas Production in Denmark, Energistyrelsen (MiljøogEnergiministeriet), 104 p. EXLOG, 1985, Field Geologist’s Training Guide, A. Whittaker (ed.), IHRDC, 291 p.

Epstein, A.G., Epstein, J.B. & Harris, L.D., 1977. Conodont color alteration — an index to organic metamorphism. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 995, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp995

Fawad, M., Mondol, N.H., Baig, I. & Jahren, J. 2019. Diagenetic related flat spots within the Paleogene Sotbakken Group in the vicinity of the Senja Ridge, Barents Sea. Petroleum Geoscience, 26(3), 373-385. https://doi.org/10.1144/petgeo2018-122

Ferretti, A., Vezzani, F. and Balini, M. 2020. Leonardo da Vinci (1542-1519) and the birth of stratigraphy. Newsletters on Stratigraphy, 53(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2019/0564

Fine, S., Yusas, M.R. & Jorgensen, L.N. 1992. Geological aspects of horizontal drilling in chalks from the Danish Sector of the North Sea. 1483-90. In Parker, J. (ed.) Petroleum Geology of North West Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference. Geol. Soc. Lon. https://doi.org/10.1144/0041483

Freiwald, A., 1995, Bacteria induced carbonate degradation: A taphonomic case study of Cibicides lobatulus from a high-Boreal carbonate setting. Palaios, 10, 337-346.

Gary, A.C., Johnson, G.W., Ekart, D.D., Platon, E. & Wakefield, M.I. 2005. A method for two-well correlation using multivariate biostratigraphical data. 205-217. In Powell, A.J. & Riding, J.B. (eds) 2005. Recent Developments in Applied Biostratigraphy. The Micropalaeontological Society, Special Publications. https://doi.org/10.1144/TMS001.12

Gary, A.C., Wakefield, M.I., Johnson, G.W. & Ekart, D.D. 2009. Application of Fuzzy C-means clustering to palaeoenvironmental analysis: example from the Jurassic, Central North Sea, UK. 9–20. In Demchuk, T.D. & Gary, A.C. (eds) Geologic Problem Solving with Microfossils: a Volume in Honor of Garry D. Jones. SEPM Special Publications, 93. https://doi.org/10.2110/sepmsp.093.009

Geyh, M.A., Krumbein, W.E., & Kudrass, H.R., 1974, Unreliable dating of long-stored deep-sea sediments due to bacterial activity. Marine Geology, 17: M45-M50.

Gibson, T.G 1989. Planktonic Benthonic Foraminifera Ratios: Modern Patterns and Tertiary Applicability. Marine Micropalaeontology, 15, 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(89)90003-0

**Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D. & Ogg, G.M. (Eds.) 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020. Elsevier, 2 Vols. [The “Bible” for all matters in Chronostratigraphy and Geochronology. Published every four years with updates in between].**

Gregersen, U., Hjelm, L., Vosgerau, H., Smit, F. W. H., Nielsen, C. M., Rasmussen, R., Bredesen, K., Lorentzen, M., Mørk, F., Lauridsen, B. W., Pedersen, G. K., Nielsen, L. H., Mathiesen, A., Laghari, S., Kristensen, L., Sheldon, E., Dahl-Jensen, T., Dybkjær, K., Hidalgo, C. A., & Rasmussen, L. M. 2023. CCS2022-2024 WP1: The Stenlille structure. Seismic data and interpretation to mature potential geological storage of CO2. (Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse Rapport; Vol. 2022, No. 26). GEUS. https://doi.org/10.22008/gpub/34661

Gunn, R., Wang, J., Murray, I. & Rezigh, A. 1993. Teamwork brings success in Quad 44 – the Murdoch Field development. Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain, Newsletter, February, 4-7.

Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox, A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G. & Smith, D.G. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989.Cambridge University Press, 263 p.

Hart, M.B. & Bailey, H.W. 1979. The distribution of planktonic foraminiferida in the Mid-Cretaceous of NW Europe. 527-542. In Weidmann, J (ed.) Aspeckte der Kreide Europas. International Union of Geological Sciences, Series A, 6.

Hart, M.B. 1980. A water depth model for the Evolution of the Planktonic Foraminifera. Nature, 286, 252-254. https://doi.org/10.1038/286252a0

Hartkopf-Fröder, C., Königshof, P., Littke, R. & Schwarzbauer, J. 2015. Optical thermal maturity parameters and organic geochemical alteration at low grade diagenesis to anchimetamorphism: A review. International Journal of Coal Geology, 150–151, 74–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2015.06.005

Hemleben, C., Kaminski, M.A., Kuhnt, W. & Scott, D.B. 1990.Paleoecology, Biostratigraphy, Paleoceanography And Taxonomy of Agglutinated Foraminifera. Proc. NATO Sci. Ser. 3, Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Somewhat dated but still an important collection of works covering most aspects of study of the agglutinated foraminifera.]

Holland, S.M. 1995. Depositional sequences, facies control and the distribution of fossils. In, B.U. Haq (Ed.), Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Response to Eustatic, Tectonic and Climatic Forcing. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1-24.

Holmes, N.A., 1999. The Andrew Formation and “biosteering” - different reservoirs, different approaches. 155-166 In Jones, R.W. & Simmons, M.D. (Eds), Biostratigraphy in Production and Development Geology. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ., 152. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.152.01.09

Jansonius, J. & McGregor, D.C. 2002. Palynology: Principles and Applications. Amer. Assoc. Strat. Palynol.3 Vols. [A fairly up-to-date text on palynological techniques, palynomporph groups, their ecology, palaeoecology and biostratigraphy.]

Jaramillo, C.A. & Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E. 1999. Sequence stratigraphic interpretations from palynofacies, dinocyst and lithological data of Upper Eocene--Lower Oligocene strata in southern Mississippi and Alabama, U.S. Gulf Coast Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 145 (4), 259-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00126-6

Jeppensen, M.W. 1994. Geological steering of horizontal wells in chalk reservoirs: examples from the Danish North Sea. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 41, 138-44. https://doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1995-41-13

**Jones, G.D., Gary, A. & Waters, V. 1996. Applying the Integrated Paleontological System: Interpreting Sequence Stratigraphic Architecture from Microfossil Signatures, Oligocene to Pleistocene section, Gulf of Mexico. 202. in Repetski, J.E. ed. Eleventh North American Paleontological Convention, Abstracts of Papers, Smithsonian Institution. The Paleontological Society Special Publication No. 8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2475262200002045**

**Jones, R. W., Lowe, S., Milner, P.S., Heavey, P., Payne, S.N.J. & Ewen, D.F. 2002. The Role and Value of Biosteering in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Exploitation. 339-55. In Koutsoukos, E.A.M. (ed.) Topics in Geobiology Vol 23, Applied Stratigraphy. Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2763-X_15**

**Jones, R.W. & Simmons, M.D. (eds.) 1999. Biostratigraphy in Production and Development Geology. Geol. Soc. Lon., Special Publication, 152. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.152.01.14**

**Jones, R.W. 1996. Micropalaeontology in Petroleum Exploration. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 432pp.**

Jorissen, F.J., de Stigter, H.C., Widmark, J.G.V., 1995. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology, 22, 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00047-X

Kaminski, M.A., Geroch, S. and Kaminski, D., (Eds.). The Origins of Applied Micropaleontology: The School of Jozef Grzybowski. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication no. 1. Alden Press, Oxford.

Königshof, P., 2003. Conodont deformation patterns and textural alteration in Paleozoic conodonts: examples from Germany and France. Senckenb. Lethaea, 83, 149–156.

**Koutsoukos, E.A.M. 2005. Applied Stratigraphy. Springer. 488pp. [a very useful book for concepts and examples]**

Krise, I. 1991. Petroleum Geoscience – Danish View. First Break, 9(3), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.1991005

Kristensen, L., Hjuler, M.L., Frykman, P., Olivarius, M., Weibel, R., Nielsen, L.H. & Mathiesen, A. 2016. Pre-drilling assessments of average porosity and permeability in the geothermal reservoirs of the Danish area. Geothermal Energy 4, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-016-0048-6

Kristensen, L., Mathiesen, A., Nielsen, C.M., Bjerager, M., Ditlefsen, C.B., Møller, I., Rasmussen, P., Nielsen, L.H., Sheldon, E., Laier, T. & Sonnenborg, T. 2017. Examining the possibilities of establishing thermal storage in the chalk/limestone aquifer in the greater Copenhagen area. Phase 1 of project HTES, High Temperature Energy Storage. Danmarks og Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse rapport 2017/22. 

Leckie, R.M. 1987. Paleoecology of mid-Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera: A comparison of open ocean and Epicontinental Sea assemblages. Micropaleontology, 33, 164-176. https://doi.org/10.2307/1485491

Lindström, S.M., Pedersen, G., Vosgerau, H., Hovikoski, J., Dybkjær, K. & Nielsen, L.H. (in review). Palynology of the Triassic-Jurassic transition of the Danish Basin (Denmark): a palynostratigraphic zonation of the Gassum - lower Fjerritslev formations

Loeblich, A.R. Jnr. & Tappan, H. 1987. Foraminiferal Genera and their classification. Van Nostrand Reinhold (pubs.), 2 vols. [The standard taxonomic work on the Foraminifera with each genus described and illustrated.]

Marshall, J.E.A., 1991. Quantitative spore colour. Journal of the Geological Society, 148, 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.2.0223

**McGowran, B. 2005. Biostratigraphy – Microfossils and Geological Time. Cambridge University Press, 459 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610653 [A more detailed treatment of the theory and use of microfossils in biostratigraphy & sequence stratigraphy]**

McLean, D. & Davies, S.J. 1999. Constraints on the application of palynology to the correlation of Euramerican Late Carboniferous clastic hydrocarbon reservoirs. 201-18. In Jones, R.W. & Simmons, M.D. (eds.) Biostratigraphy in Production and Development Geology. Geol. Soc. Lon., Special Publication, 152. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.152.01.12

McNeil, D.H., Issler, D.R., Snowdon, L.R., 1996. Colour alteration, thermal maturity, and burial diagenesis in fossil foraminifers. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin, 499, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.4095/208174

Milam, K., 1991. The Petroleum Industry Data Dictionary. Geobyte, June, August, October 1991

Mojtahid, M., Jorissen, F., Durrieu, J., Galgani, F., Howa, H., Redois, F. & Camps, R., 2006, Benthic foraminifera as bio-indicators of drill cutting disposal in tropical east Atlantic outer shelf environments. Mar. Micropal. V61, 1-3, p58-75.

Morley, R.J. 1991. Tertiary stratigraphic palynology in Southeast Asia, current status and new directions. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 28, 1-36. https://doi.org/10.7186/bgsm28199101

**Morley, R.J. 1996. Biostratigraphic Characterisation of Systems Tracts in Tertiary Sedimentary Basins. 49-71. In Caughey, C.A., Carter, D.C., Clure, J., Gresko, M.J., Lowry, P., Patk, R.K. & Wonders, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sequence Stratigraphy in SE Asia. Ind. Pet. Assoc.**

Morris, P.H. & Batten, D.J. 2016. Megaspores and associated palynofloras of Middle Jurassic fluviodeltaic sequences in North Yorkshire and the northern North Sea: a biofacies-based approach to palaeoenvironmental analysis and modelling. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 35, 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1144/jm.28.2.161

Morris, P.H., Cullum, AS., Pearce, M.A. & Batten, D.J. 2009. Megaspore assemblages from the Åre Formation (Rhaetian–Pliensbachian) offshore mid-Norway, and their value as field and regional stratigraphical markers. Journal of Micropalaeontology, 28, 161–181.

**Murray, J.W. 2008.Ecology and Applications of Benthic Foraminifera. Cambridge University Press. [A general text on the ancient and modern environments inhabited by this important microfossil group, and the techniques used to determine them.]**

Neal, J.E., J.A. Stein & J.H. Gamber 1994. Graphic correlation and sequence stratigraphy in the Palaeogene of NW Europe. Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 55-80.

Oboh, F.E. 1992. Middle Miocene palaeoenvironments of the Niger Delta. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 92, 55-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(92)90135-R

Olson, H.C. & Leckie, R.M. 2003. Micropalaeontologic Proxies for sea-level Change and Stratigraphic Discontinuities. SEPM Special Publication 75, 383pp. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.75

Olson, H.C., Gary, A.C. & Jonres, G.D. 2003 Similarity Curves as Indicators of Stratigraphic Discontinuities. 89-96. In Olson, H.C. & Leckie, R.M. (eds). Micropalaeontologic Proxies for sea-level Change and Stratigraphic Discontinuities. SEPM Special Publication 75, 383pp. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.03.75.0089

Papadopoulou, M., Malehmir, A., Zappalá, S., Gregersen, U., Nielsen, L. and Hjelm, L., 2022. Innovative land seismic data acquisitions for CO2 and energy storage applications. EAGE – Near Surface Geoscience ’22 conference, Belgrade, Serbia. Extended abstract. Vol. 2022, p. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202220098

Partington, M.A., B.C. Michener, N.J. Milton & A.J. Fraser 1993. Genetic sequence stratigraphy for the North Sea Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous: distribution and prediction of Kimmeridgian - Late Ryazanian reservoirs in the North Sea and adjacent areas. In J.R. Parker (Eds.), Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference. Geological Society of London - Petroleum Geology Conference Series no. 4, p. 347-370.

**Partington, M.A., Copestake, P., Michener, B.C. & Underhill, J.R. 1993. Biostratigraphic calibration of genetic stratigraphic sequences in the Jurassic-lowermost Cretaceous (Hettangian to Ryazanian) of the North Sea and adjacent areas. 371-386 in Patker, J.R. (ed.) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe: Proceedings of the 4th Conference. https://doi.org/10.1144/0040371**

**Payne, S.N.J., Ewen, D.F. & Bowman, M.J. 1999. The role of ‘high-impact biostratigraphy’ in reservoir appraisal and development. 5-22. In: Jones, R.W. & Simmons, M.D. (eds) Biostratigraphy in Production and Development Geology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 152. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.152.01.02**

Pearson, P. 1998. Evolutionary concepts in biostratigraphy, In: Doyle, P. and Bennett, M.R. (eds.), Unlocking the Stratigraphical Record. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 123–144.

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**__Internet Sources__**

**Time Scale Creato**r ([[https://www.timescalecreator.org]]) [A free, extremely useful resource to construct customisable chronostratigraphic charts containing biostratigraphic and other data types including magnetostratigraphic, isotopic and sea-level data. Contains a large volume of in-built data with many supplementary add-on data packs available constructed by third parties. The "Pro" version allows the import/export of custom datapacks.]

**The Paleobiology Database** – a searchable database for a great many taxonomic groups giving details of various collections and references. It is a pretty technical database and the interface is not all that intuitive.
(http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl)

“**Miracle**” – Basic introduction to microfossil groups (www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/welcome.html)

“**Mikrotax**” – Taxonomic and stratigraphic database of calcareous nannoplankton and planktonic foraminifera – includes the old “Nannotax” site (http://www.mikrotax.org/) [Fast becoming the "go to" resource for planktonic foram and calcareous nannofossil current taxonomic, identity and biostratigraphic status.]

“**Dinoflag3**” – Taxonomic (mainly) database of dinoflagellates (http://dinoflaj.smu.ca/wiki/Main_Page)

**International Nannoplankton Association** (www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/ina/)

**The Micropaleontological Society** (TMS) (http://www.tmsoc.org/)

**The Society for Sedimentary Geology** (SEPM) (https://www.sepm.org/Home#3)